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@ARTICLE{Bishop1987,
  author = {Bishop, George F.},
  title = {Experiments with the Middle Response Alternative in Survey Questions},
  journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {220--232},
  number = {2},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Bishop (POQ, 1987).pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{Bizeretal2004,
  author = {Bizer, George Y. and Krosnick, Jon A. and Holbrook, Allyson L. and
	Wheeler, S. Christian and Rucker, Derek D. and Petty, Richard E.},
  title = {The Impact of Personality on Cognitive, Behavioral, and Affective
	Political Processes: The Effects of Need to Evaluate},
  journal = {Journal of Personality},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {72},
  pages = {995--1027},
  number = {5},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {Need to evaluate (NE) is a personality trait that reflects a person's
	proclivity to create and hold attitudes; people high in NE are especially
	likely to form attitudes toward all sorts of objects. Using data
	from the 1998 National Election Survey Pilot and the 2000 National
	Election Survey, NE was shown to predict a variety of important attitude-relevant
	cognitive, behavioral, and affective political processes beyond simply
	holding attitudes: NE predicted how many evaluative beliefs about
	candidates a person held, the likelihood that a person would use
	party identification and issue stances to determine candidate preferences,
	the extent to which a person engaged in political activism, the likelihood
	that a person voted or intended to vote, the extent to which a person
	used the news media for gathering information, and the intensity
	of emotional reactions a person felt toward political candidates.
	Thus, NE appears to play a powerful role in shaping important political
	behavior, emotion, and cognition.},
  doi = {10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00288.x},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Bizer, Krosnick, Holbrook, Wheeler, Rucker, Petty (JPersonality, 2004).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0022-3506},
  keywords = {Adult, Affect, Cognition, DKs, Female, Humans, Male, Personality,
	Pilot Projects, Politics, Social Behavior},
  owner = {Thomas},
  pmid = {15335335},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335335}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bizeretal2000,
  author = {Bizer, George Y. and Krosnick, Jon A. and Petty, Richard E. and Rucker,
	Derek D. and Wheller, S.C.},
  title = {Need for Cognition and Need to Evaluate in the 1998 National Election
	Survey Pilot Study},
  institution = {American National Election Studies Board of Overseers},
  year = {2000},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Bizer, Krosnick, Petty, Rucker, Wheeler (NC,-NE ANES Report, 2000).pdf:pdf},
  journal = {National Election Studies Report},
  keywords = {DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en\&btnG=Search\&q=intitle:Need+for+Cognition+and+Need+to+Evaluate+in+the+1998+National+Election+Survey+Pilot+Study\#0}
}

@ARTICLE{CacioppoPetty1982,
  author = {Cacioppo, John T. and Petty, Richard E.},
  title = {The Need for Cognition},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  year = {1982},
  volume = {42},
  pages = {116--131},
  number = {1},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Cacioppo, Petty (JPSP, 1982).pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{ChongDruckman2010,
  author = {Chong, Dennis and Druckman, James N.},
  title = {Dynamic Public Opinion: Communication Effects over Time},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {663--680},
  number = {04},
  month = dec,
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055410000493},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Chong, Druckman (APSR, 2010) - Dynamic Public Opinion.pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0003-0554},
  keywords = {ParallelExperiment, prospectus, DKs, PretreatmentDirection, AttitudeStructure,
	Dissertation, PoliticalGroups, StrongAttitudesBiasedEngagement, PanelStability,
	Meta-analysis},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract\_S0003055410000493}
}

@INCOLLECTION{Converse1964,
  author = {Converse, Philip E.},
  title = {The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics},
  booktitle = {Ideology and Discontent},
  publisher = {Free Press},
  year = {1964},
  editor = {Apter, David},
  pages = {206--261},
  address = {New York},
  doi = {10.1080/08913810608443650},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Converse (in Apter, 1964) - v1.pdf:pdf;C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Converse (in Apter, 1964) - v3.pdf:pdf;C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Converse (in Apter, 1964) - Critical Review reprint.pdf:pdf;C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Converse (in Apter, 1964) - v2.pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {AdvancesInPolPsy, prospectus, DKs, OpinionQuestions, Dissertation,
	AttitudeStructure, Syllabi, StrongAttitudesBiasedEngagement, Byproduct
	Exposure, PanelStability, ExposurePreferences},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@BOOK{Dahl1971,
  title = {Polyarchy},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  year = {1971},
  author = {Dahl, Robert A.},
  address = {Chicago},
  keywords = {DKs, AdvancesInPolPsy, Syllabi, StrongAttitudesBiasedEngagement},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{DruckmanLeeper2012a,
  author = {Druckman, James N. and Leeper, Thomas J.},
  title = {Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment
	and Its Effects},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  year = {2012},
  volume = {56},
  pages = {875--896},
  number = {4},
  month = feb,
  address = {Seattle, WA},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.x},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Druckman and Leeper Learning More from Political Communication Experiments- The Importance of Pretreatment Effects (APSA 2011).pdf:pdf;C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Druckman, Leeper (AJPS, 2012).pdf:pdf},
  institution = {Northwestern University},
  issn = {00925853},
  keywords = {AdvancesInPolPsy, EnvironmentPolarization, prospectus, Dissertation,
	PretreatmentDirection, AttitudeStructure, PoliticalGroups, PanelStability,
	DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.x}
}

@ARTICLE{DruckmanLupia2000,
  author = {Druckman, James N. and Lupia, Arthur},
  title = {Preference Formation},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {1--24},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Druckman, Lupia (Ann Review, 2000).pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {AttitudeStructure, StrongAttitudesBiasedEngagement, ObservedSelectiveExposure,
	Dissertation, Syllabi, accessibility, belief formation, concerns,
	DKs, political preferences, on-line processing, persuasion, preference
	reversals},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jnd260/pub/Druckman Lupia Annual Review 2000.pdf}
}

@ARTICLE{Federico2004,
  author = {Federico, Christopher M.},
  title = {Predicting Attitude Extremity: The Interactive Effects of Schema
	Development and the Need to Evaluate and Their Mediation by Evaluative
	Integration},
  journal = {Personality \& Social Psychology Bulletin},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {1281--1294},
  number = {10},
  month = oct,
  abstract = {Research on attitude extremity suggests that schemas containing more
	information about a particular attitude domain are more likely to
	be associated with extreme attitudes toward objects in that domain
	when perceivers' responses toward features of the domain are evaluatively
	integrated. The present study argues that a high need to evaluate
	may play an important role in determining when schema development
	will be associated with the integrated responses to different domain
	features necessary for extremity. Consistent with this argument,
	data from a nationally representative survey of political attitudes
	indicated that the need to evaluate was associated with increased
	extremity across two different indices of the latter; that it moderated
	the relationships between schema development (in the form of political
	expertise), on one hand, and increased extremity and integration,
	on the other; and that the moderating effects of the need to evaluate
	vis-a-vis extremity were mediated by integration.},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167204263787},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Federico (PSPB, 2004).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0146-1672},
  keywords = {Adult, Attitude, Cognition, DKs, Decision Making, Demography, Female,
	Humans, Male, Politics, Prospective Studies, Questionnaires, Reading,
	Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Time Factors},
  owner = {Thomas},
  pmid = {15466601},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466601}
}

@ARTICLE{FeldmanZaller1992,
  author = {Feldman, Stanley and Zaller, John},
  title = {The Political Culture of Ambivalence: Ideological Responses to the
	Welfare State},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {268--307},
  number = {1},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Feldman, Zaller (AJPS, 1992).pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {DKs, values},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{Holbrook2006,
  author = {Holbrook, Thomas M.},
  title = {Cognitive Style and Political Learning in the 2000 U.S. Presidential
	Campaign},
  journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {343--352},
  number = {3},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1177/106591290605900302},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Holbrook (PRQ, 2006).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {1065-9129},
  keywords = {AttitudeStructure, DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/106591290605900302}
}

@ARTICLE{JarvisPetty1996,
  author = {Jarvis, W. Blair G. and Petty, Richard E.},
  title = {The Need to Evaluate},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  year = {1996},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {172--194},
  number = {1},
  doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.172},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Jarvis, Petty (JPSP, 1996) - The Need to Evaluate.pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0022-3514},
  keywords = {AdvancesInPolPsy, DKs, Dissertation, AttitudeStructure, psychology},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.70.1.172}
}

@ARTICLE{Krosnick1991,
  author = {Krosnick, Jon A.},
  title = {Response Strategies for Coping with the Cognitive Demands of Attitude
	Measures in Surveys},
  journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},
  year = {1991},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {213--236},
  number = {3},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Krosnick (App Cog Psych, 1991).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {1099-0720},
  keywords = {DKs, psychology, survey methods, Syllabi},
  owner = {Thomas},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.2350050305/abstract}
}

@INCOLLECTION{KrosnickNarayanSmith1996,
  author = {Krosnick, Jon A. and Narayan, Sowmya and Smith, Wendy R.},
  title = {Satisficing in Surveys: Initial Evidence},
  booktitle = {Advances in Survey Research},
  publisher = {Jossey-Bass},
  year = {1996},
  editor = {Braverman, M.T. and Slater, J.K.},
  pages = {29--44},
  address = {San Francisco, CA},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Krosnick, Narayana, Smith (Ch, 1996).pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {DKs, OpinionQuestions},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{LodgeMcGrawStroh1989,
  author = {Lodge, Milton and McGraw, Kathleen M. and Stroh, Patrick K.},
  title = {An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  year = {1989},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {399--419},
  number = {2},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Lodge, McGraw, Stroh (APSR, 1989).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0003-0554},
  keywords = {DKs, AttitudeStructure, Syllabi, Dissertation, ExposurePreferences},
  owner = {Thomas},
  publisher = {JSTOR},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1962397}
}

@BOOK{Neuman1986,
  title = {The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American
	Electorate},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  year = {1986},
  author = {Neuman, W. Russell},
  pages = {256},
  annote = { From Duplicate 2 ( The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion
	in the American Electorate - Neuman, W. Russell ) },
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Neuman (Ch, 1986).pdf:pdf},
  isbn = {0674654609},
  keywords = {DKs, Citizen competence, Syllabi, Dissertation, ExposurePreferences},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://www.amazon.com/Paradox-Mass-Politics-Knowledge-Electorate/dp/0674654609}
}

@ARTICLE{Nir2011,
  author = {Nir, Lilach},
  title = {Motivated Reasoning and Public Opinion Perception},
  journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {75},
  pages = {504--532},
  number = {3},
  month = mar,
  doi = {10.1093/poq/nfq076},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Nir (POQ, 2011).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0033-362X},
  keywords = {DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/poq/nfq076}
}

@ARTICLE{NorpothLodge1985,
  author = {Norpoth, Helmut and Lodge, Milton},
  title = {The Difference between Attitudes and Nonattitudes in the Mass Public:
	Just Measurements},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  year = {1985},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {291--307},
  number = {2},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Norpoth, Lodge (AJPS, 1985).pdf:pdf},
  keywords = {DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{SturgisRobertsSmith2014,
  author = {Sturgis, Patrick and Roberts, Caroline and Smith, Patten},
  title = {Middle Alternatives Revisited: How the neither/nor Response Acts
	as aWay of Saying `I Don't Know'?},
  journal = {Sociological Research \& Methods},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {15--38},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {A persistent problem in the design of bipolar attitude questions is
	whether or not to include a middle response alternative. On the one
	hand, it is reasonable to assume that people might hold opinions
	which are �neutral� with regard to issues of public controversy.
	On the other, question designers suspect that offering a mid-point
	may attract respondents with no opinion, or those who lean to one
	side of an issue but do not wish to incur the cognitive costs required
	to determine a directional response. Existing research into the effects
	of offering a middle response alternative has predominantly used
	a split-ballot design, in which respondents are assigned to conditions
	which offer or omit a midpoint. While this body of work has been
	useful in demonstrating that offering or excluding a mid-point substantially
	influences the answers respondents provide, it does not offer any
	clear resolution to the question of which format yields more accurate
	data. In this paper, we use a different approach. We use follow-up
	probes administered to respondents who initially select the mid-point
	to determine whether they selected this alternative in order to indicate
	opinion neutrality, or to indicate that they do not have an opinion
	on the issue. We find the vast majority of responses turn out to
	be what we term �face-saving don�t knows� and that reallocating these
	responses from the mid-point to the don�t know category significantly
	alters descriptive and multivariate inferences. Counter to the survey-satisficing
	perspective, we find that those with this tendency is greatest amongst
	those who express more interest in the topic area.},
  doi = {10.1177/0049124112452527},
  file = {:Sturgis, Roberts, Smith (SocMR, 2014).pdf:PDF},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2014.01.09}
}

@BOOK{TourangeauRipsRasinski2000,
  title = {The Psychology of Survey Response},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  year = {2000},
  author = {Tourangeau, Roger and Rips, Lance J. and Rasinski, Kenneth A.},
  address = {New York},
  keywords = {DKs},
  owner = {Thomas},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11}
}

@ARTICLE{ZallerFeldman1992,
  author = {Zaller, John and Feldman, Stanley},
  title = {A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions Versus
	Revealing Preferences},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  year = {1992},
  volume = {36},
  pages = {579--616},
  number = {3},
  file = {C:/Users/Thomas/Documents/Library/Zaller, Feldman (APSR, 1992).pdf:pdf},
  issn = {0092-5853},
  keywords = {DKs, Syllabi, AttitudeStructure, PanelStability},
  owner = {Thomas},
  publisher = {JSTOR},
  timestamp = {2013.12.11},
  url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111583}
}

